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• Html Condenser
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Condensers make use of a condensing medium, such as air or water, that absorbs heat from a vapor. As the vapor loses its heat to the condensing medium, its temperature falls to the saturation point, and it condenses to a liquid.

Our condenser is a direct contact type that utilizes a spray nozzle. The development of the spray nozzle and improvement in the structure via computational thermo-fluid analysis has enabled us to achieve a compact size that yields a condenser performance that is 16% better than that of previous products. But whereas coming to a Condenser its main duty is Condensation, so whenever the condensers condensers some vapour's then its duty is over. Condensers were of many types, shell and tube, double pipe, plate and frame, scrapper type, longitudinal extended surfaces, so being frank we can use a Heat Exchanger as a condenser, but we cant guarantee the efficiency, which is basically depends upon the.

(Copyright Alfa Laval, Richmond, VA)

Air Cooled

Air cooled condensers use air as the cooling medium. They are the most used type of condensers.

(Copyright Dimplex Thermal Solutions, Kalamazoo, MI)

General Information

Air cooled condensers use circulating air to cool hot gases. In most large models, a fan is used to either push or pull the air through the condenser. Smaller models, however, usually depend on gravity to circulate the air.

Equipment Design

The hot vapor to be condensed travels through a series of finned copper tubes. Fans force air to circulate around the tubes, and this air removes heat from the vapor. The resulting condensate drips down the tubing into a reservoir or out a drain.

Condensers can be designed for one or two stages, as shown on the left. While the two-stage condenser is more efficient, it is also more expensive.

Usage Examples

Html Condenser

Condensers are used in power plants to condense exhaust steam from turbines. They are also used in refrigeration plants to condense refrigeration vapors such as ammonia or fluorinated hydrocarbons. They are used in the petroleum and chemical industries to condense a variety of chemical vapors. The air cooled condensing unit shown below is a chilling system used for ice and curling rinks.

(Copyright BERG Chilling Systems Inc.,Toronto, ON)

The condenser shown below has a 'V-type' design that is used in refrigeration and air-conditioning installations. This condenser has aluminum fins, and the optimized V shape results in excellent heat transfer with minimized refrigerant charge. Outlook 465.

(Copyright Alfa Laval, Richmond, VA)

• Easy to install.
• Requires no water.
• Condensing medium, air, will not freeze.

• As water condenses, it has the risk of freezing at low operating temperatures.
• Adequate supply of fresh air required.
• Fan may be loud in large operations.
• Changes in air temperature may cause the condensing pressures to fluctuate.

Water Cooled

This section discusses water cooled condensers, such as the one shown here.

(Copyright BERG Chilling Systems Inc., Toronto, ON)

General Information

In most water cooled condensers, the water runs through tubing or coils in a sealed shell. The hot vapor that is to be condensed is released into this shell (above right).

Equipment Design

The water cooled chillers shown below use an evaporator to remove heat from the process and then use a water cooled condenser to remove the heat from the evaporator. Water conducts heat better than air, making water cooled condensers smaller, cheaper and able to consume less energy per horsepower than air cooled condensers.

(Pictures copyright First Choice Chillers, Markham, Ontario)

Usage Examples

Water cooled condensers require an adequate supply of freshwater, and are used in power plants to condense exhaust steam from turbines, in refrigeration plants to condense refrigeration vapors such as ammonia or fluorinated hydrocarbons, and in the petroleum and chemical industries to condense a variety of chemical vapors.

• Lower condensing pressures than air cooled condensers.
• Better control over condensing pressure.
• Since water has excellent heat transfer characteristics, water cooled condensers are more compact than air cooled condensers.

• Excessive water velocities or cavitation inside the condenser tubes can damage condensers.
• At low operating temperatures, condensing medium and condensate may freeze.

Evaporative

General Information/Equipment Design

Evaporative condensers are used when the water supply is insufficient to operate a water cooled condenser, or when the condensing temperature is lower than air cooled condensers can achieve. A water/air mixture, the coolant, is sprayed into a chamber through which the hot vapor passes. As these substances come in contact with each other, the water quickly evaporates. The loss of this heat of vaporization causes the vapor feed to condense. This process requires much less cooling water than water cooled condensers, making evaporative condensers practical for hot, arid regions.

(Image copyright SPX Cooling Technologies, Overland Park, KS)

• Water consumption is only a fraction of that in water cooled condensation.
• Condensing temperatures are close to the wet bulb temperature.

• The water may freeze at low operating temperatures.
• Impurities in the vapors may cause corrosion.
• A small amount of the cooling water must be continually purged to prevent the build-up of contaminants.

Acknowledgements

Alfa Laval , Richmond, VA

Html Condenser Example

BERG Chilling Systems Inc. ,Toronto, ON

Dimplex Thermal Solutions , Kalamazoo, MI

First Choice Chillers , Markham, Ontario

Icy tower 2 online, free. SPX Cooling Technologies , Overland Park, KS

References

'Condensers' The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. , Volume 3, 15th ed. Chicago, Illinois, 1997. p. 521. Print.

Elliott, Thomas C. 'Air-Cooled Condensers', Power . Jan. 1990. Print.

Jennings, Burgess. 'Condenser.' The Encyclopedia Americana: International Edition . Grolier, Inc. Danbury, CT, 1996 p. 519. Print.

Larinoff, Michael W. 'Can Your Air-Cooled Condenser Handle the Big Chill?' Power . Jan./Feb., 1997. Print. Free unlock tool.

Html Condenser Css

The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. , Volume 3,15th ed. Chicago, IL, 1997. p. 521. Print.

Developers

Maureen Hindelang

Joseph Palazzolo

Matthew Robertson

Kelsey Kaplan

Keith Minbiole

Perhaps one of the most misunderstood and often neglected concepts in optical microscopy is proper configuration of the microscope with regards to illumination, which is a critical parameter that must be fulfilled in order to achieve optimum performance. The intensity and wavelength spectrum of light emitted by the illumination source is of significant importance, but even more essential is that light emitted from various locations on the lamp filament be collected and focused at the plane of the condenser aperture diaphragm. This interactive tutorial reviews both the filament and condenser alignment procedures necessary to achieve Köhler illumination.

The tutorial initializes with a randomly selected specimen image appearing in the virtual microscope viewport and a variable amount of illumination passing through the optical train, which has an intensity level dependent upon the (randomized) initialization state of the lamp filament. Two windows are utilized by the tutorial, and they can be accessed (toggled) using the Filament Alignment and Condenser Alignment radio buttons. The virtual microscope is assumed to be using a 10x objective to image the specimen selected either randomly at initialization or by using the Choose A Specimen pull-down menu. The Reset button can be used to re-initialize the tutorial (choose a new specimen and lamp filament position) without reloading the browser.

In order to operate the tutorial, first select the Filament Alignment radio button to display the lamp filament in the microscope viewport. The Filament Control set of (three) sliders can be employed to adjust the lamp Intensity (ranging from zero to 12 volts), Focus (position of the lamp along the optical axis), and the Rotation axis of the lamp with regard to the lamphouse. In addition, the Filament Position sliders translate the filament laterally along the x and y axes of the virtual microscope.

Once the lamp filament has been centered, focused, and brought to an operating potential of approximately 9.0 volts, click on the Condenser Alignment radio button to view the specimen and condenser adjustment control sliders. If the lamp filament has been properly adjusted, the specimen should be evenly illuminated regardless of the fine focus state, condenser height, or field diaphragm opening size. To align the condenser, first focus the specimen using the Specimen Fine Focus slider, and then use the Condenser Height slider to bring the field diaphragm iris leaves into focus. Next, use the Condenser Lateral Adjustment sliders to translate the field diaphragm iris opening to the center of the viewport. Finally, use the Diaphragm Opening Size slider to open the field diaphragm to its maximum size. If the diaphragm opens off-center, use the x-translation and y-translation sliders to bring the opening into the center of the field. Alternatively, the mouse cursor can be placed in the small window (containing a set of crosshairs) and used to drag the image of the field diaphragm (appearing as a white circle) into the center. After the filament has been properly aligned and the virtual microscope adjusted for Köhler illumination, the Condenser Aperture slider can be utilized to simulate how varying the numerical aperture affects specimen contrast and resolution.

The currently accepted method of microscope illumination was first described by Dr. August Köhler in the late 1800s, and is still widely (almost exclusively) employed for modern microscopes over 100 years later. Köhler's technique requires a collector lens in or near the lamphouse that can be adjusted to focus an image of the lamp filament at the front focal plane of the condenser where the aperture diaphragm resides. If the lamp filament image is properly centered and completely fills the aperture, then illumination of the specimen plane is bright and even. In order to ensure that the filament image appears in the condenser focal plane, the height of the condenser itself must often be adjusted (a technique reviewed in the tutorial). This critical adjustment brings two sets of conjugate focal planes (referred to as the field set and the aperture set) into precise physical locations within the microscope optical train, and maximizes the performance of the instrument.

Contributing Authors

Matthew Parry-Hill, Robert T. Sutter, and Michael W. Davidson - National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32310.